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Corruption and Anti-Corruption: An Applied Philosophical Approach (Basic Ethics in Action), by Seumas Miller, Peter Roberts, Edward Spence
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Seumas Miller, Peter Roberts, and Edward Spence present a wide-ranging ethical analysis of corruption, divided into two main parts. This book discusses first the nature, causes. and implications of corruption, followed by a discussion of the myriad means for combating corruption. As such, it is a helpful tool for applied ethical analysis of business practices throughout the world today. Corruption and Anti-Corruption: An Applied Philosophical Approach is the eighth book in the series, Basic Ethics in Action, edited by Michael Boylan, which is a major new undertaking by Prentice Hall covering several areas in applied ethics, including business ethics, environmental ethics, medical ethics, and social and political ethics.
- Sales Rank: #2760581 in Books
- Published on: 2004-05-27
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.34" h x .49" w x 6.72" l,
- Binding: Paperback
- 256 pages
From the Back Cover
Seumas Miller, Peter Roberts, and Edward Spence present a wide-ranging ethical analysis of corruption, divided into two main parts. This book discusses first the nature, causes. and implications of corruption, followed by a discussion of the myriad means for combating corruption. As such, it is a helpful tool for applied ethical analysis of business practices throughout the world today.
Corruption and Anti-Corruption: An Applied Philosophical Approach is the eighth book in the series, Basic Ethics in Action, edited by Michael Boylan, which is a major new undertaking by Prentice Hall covering several areas in applied ethics, including business ethics, environmental ethics, medical ethics, and social and political ethics.
About the Author
Seumas Miller is Director of the Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, Charles Sturt University, Canberra. Australia.
Peter Roberts is a Senior Research Fellow with Special Research CAPPE, and also teaches post graduate law enforcement courses through the Centre for Investigative Studies and Crime Reduction at Charles Sturt University, Canberra, Australia.
Edward Spence is a lecturer in moral philosophy and applied and professional ethics in the School of Communication at Charles Sturt Universitv, Bathurst, Australia.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
This is a book about corruption, and also about anti-corruption. The first half of the book concerns itself with the nature, causes, and moral implications of corruption, and the second half with the means for combating corruption.
Moreover, this is a study in applied philosophy. As such, the book does not restrict itself to one form of corruption, such as economic corruption. Rather, it considers many forms of corruption including ones that are not economic in substance or in motivation. Consider an academic who plagiarizes her colleagues' work in order to become famous, or a sadist who abuses his political authority by mistreating subordinates because he derives pleasure from doing so.
Being an applied philosophical study, the book deals with practical issues, for example, how to combat bribery, but it does so on the assumption that prior philosophical work is required if those practical issues are to be satisfactorily resolved. Thus, we need to understand the nature of noble cause corruption, including its differences from other common or garden forms of corruption, if it is to be satisfactorily treated. Moreover, since it is applied philosophy, there is a need to take into account empirical work, for example, on the causes of specific forms of corruption.
Contrary to what is sometimes said and thought, corruption is at bottom a species of moral wrongdoing or of unethical behavior. It is not simply, or necessarily, a species of unlawful activity. Here it is important to stress that law and morality are not the same thing. Therefore, our starting point in this book is that corruption is a species of immorality. In Chapter 1, we provide a conceptual analysis of corruption, thus understood. We also offer a number of taxonomies of corruption, for example, organized, systemic, and grand corruption.
In Chapter 2, we consider three general conditions that are conducive to corruption: the nature of the moral environment, absence of accountability mechanisms, and lack of transparency. Each of these general conditions has a number of specific forms, for example, the moral environment might be one in which there are great inequalities of power. In this chapter, we also consider a number of different socioeconomic contexts in which corruption might exist. Here we make use of two case studies, one drawn from Colombia during the time of Pablo Escobar, the other from the Enron scandal.
In Chapter 3, we consider a specific condition conducive to corruption, namely, conflicts of interest. We explore a variety of different conflicts of interest, for example, the Keating Five in the political arena, -and conflicts of interest in the media, the corporate sector, and clinical trials.
Chapter 4 concerns itself with addressing the question "What is wrong with corruption?" We distinguish between what is morally wrong with corruption per se, for example, it undermines a legitimate institutional process, and what might be wrong with the action at the core of a corrupt action, for example, telling a lie (that, say, undermines a judicial process). We also discuss deontological, teleological, and consequentialist arguments against different forms of corruption and do so in the context of some specific case studies, for example, Watergate.
In Chapter 5, we identify a number of different rationalizations used to justify corrupt actions, and we analyze two of these in detail, namely rationalizations arising out of noble cause corruption (doing evil for the sake of good) and transcultural interaction. Case studies used include the "Dirty Harry" scenario in policing, and the Lockheed and Bhopal scandals.
The second half of the book comprises Chapters 6 through 10. In Chapter 6, our concern is with the locus of moral responsibility for combating corruption. In order to focus our discussion, we consider corporate corruption in organizational settings. We describe some of the more notable corporate scandals and periods of corporate corruption, and we provide a detailed analysis of the key concept of collective moral responsibility. Also, we apply this notion to the modern business corporation.
In Chapter 7, we examine institutional accountability systems in relation to corruption, and specifically anti-corruption systems. We provide discussions of reactive anti-corruption systems, as well as of preventive anticorruption systems. We argue for what we term holistic anti-corruption systems. Our discussion ranges over both the private and the public sector. One particular issue we look at is corruption control in the context of developments in public sector administration.
Chapter 8 concerns itself with a specific anti-corruption issue, namely, whistleblowing. We provide an analysis of whistleblowing, including an actount of the relationship between whistleblowing and corruption. Also, we discuss some of the features of institutional systems for protecting whistler blowers and handling their complaints. Case studies used here include that of Daniel Ellsberg in the United States and Mal Colston in Australia.
In Chapters 9 and 10, we shift our attention to those who are corrupt or who are suspected of being corrupt.
Chapter 9 concerns itself with the rights of suspects in the context of anti-corruption systems, including corruption prevention, investigation of corruption, and prosecution for corruption. The particular rights that we examine in detail are the right to silence, the right to privacy, and the right not to be entrapped. Some of the case studies used here are the Starr investigation of Clinton and Lewinsky, and ABSCAM.
In Chapter 10, we examine the issue of corruption and punishment. We discuss the standard theoretical justifications for punishment, for example, retribution, deterrence, and rehabilitation. We offer a detailed argument in favor of a particular restorative justice model, but we emphasize that our model is pluralist in that it has retributive and deterrence dimensions, in addition to its purely restorative justice elements.
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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Beyond Six Stars: Superb Foundation Work--Should Be Translated
By Robert David STEELE Vivas
Corruption is the pervasive, pernicious, pathological, preemptory, and predatory commonality within the ten high level threats to humanity as identified by the United Nations High-Level Threat Panel and published in 2004 in A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility--Report of the Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change; and is also responsible for between 20% and 40% of the lost resources of all kinds across the twelve core policy areas as inspired by the UN but identified by the Earth Intelligence Network (501c3) dedicated to creating public intelligence in the public interest-and especially "true cost" intelligence. (E.g. Exxon did not make $40 billion in profit in its recent high year--that was stolen from current and future generations because Exxon externalizes $12 in costs for every gallon of gas that it sells for $4). See INTELLIGENCE for EARTH: Clarity, Diversity, Integrity, & Sustainability and also, for the underlying hope factor, Collective Intelligence: Creating a Prosperous World at Peace.
This book is beyond six stars--it is righteously constructive, useful, concise, focused, relevant, and despite some heavy trails in the middle, a joy to read for anyone who believes that there is plenty of wealth for all, we just need to stop corruption in all its forms. Lawrence Lessig, I have been told, is committing the rest of his life to eradicating corruption--his latest book Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy is particularly recommended because I am discovering, as he has, that HYBRID is going to be the core concept for the 21st Century. To take a very specific example, the International Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) has helped the Government of Guatemala put more people in jail (over 130) in relation to corruption and illegal armed groups, in four years, than the rest of the UN and I suspect INTERPOL and EUROPOL as well. It is a HYBRID organization with uniquely effective capabilities, a "son" of the United Nations but not part of "the" United Nations. I personally believe that it represents the future of multi-layered multi-stakeholder governance, still respecting the national government as the core actor, but bringing to bear transnational resources, autonomous investigative and analytic capabilities, and ultimately engaging all of the stakeholders including the oligarchs and the labor unions, so as to address the totality of a nation's problems starting with poverty--what the UN is now calling "Deliver As One" integrated holistic mission analysis.
Here is my summary of this extraordinary book and I repeat, this needs to be translated into Spanish, French, Russian, Chinese, Arabic, and ideally Malay, Turkish, and several other languages as well. It is a completely different book from Overcoming Corruption [ISBN 0956478808 and strangely not coming up in the Link Feature.] I venture to suggest these two books as a starting point for a new wave of regionalization and transnationalization of anti-corruption campaigns.
Up front one immediately is familiarized with a pyramid for achieving a culture of "ethical resistance" (the term emerges later in the book). The foundation, the largest part of the solution, is moral education starting in kindergarten, to instill the essential social norms that make shame inherent in misbehavior. The middle of the triangle, larger than the foundation but smaller than the apex, is the "carrots" part of the solution, including preventive anti-corruption measures that both incentivize good behavior and make bad behavior much harder. Finally, the apex, and rightfully the smallest part of the solution, is the "sticks," the detection, the investigation, the prosecution, and ultimately the conviction but importantly a conviction followed by rehabilitation and reassimilation into society.
The three authors are coherent as one. There is no clumsiness in this book. Early on they review the CONDITIONS that enable corruption including an immoral environment, the absence of accountability mechanisms, and the lack of transparency.
They distinguish among individual, organized, organizational, grand, and systemic corruption, and as the book comes to a close I note to myself that all governments less Singapore, Netherlands, and the Nordics, have way too much grand systemic corruption, the USA most of all for its corruption is pervasive within the two-party tyranny and the symbiotic continuity of corruption from Bush-Cheney to Obama-Biden; and so also are most large organizations including NGOs such as the Red Cross, religions such as the Catholic Church in particular, and movements such as the Climate Change movement, corrupt as well. This book is required to understand the broad nature of corruption--as Buckminster Fuller defines INTEGRITY (see Critical Path)--so does this book define its opposite, CORRUPTION.
Among the causes of grand systemic corruption are
01) Class conflict
02) Unjust and unequal systems of wealth and status (think oligarchs refusing to pay taxes or yield on Native Title claims; military-industrial complexes, and of course illegal armed groups and illegal clandestine groups more often than not supported by if not actually created by government clandestine organizations much as the CIA has ruined Guatemala since 1954--no dictatorship too small to embrace.
03) Moral confusion including laws not tracking with the moral codes most people innately understand
04) Imbalances of power among stakeholder groups
These conditions are exacerbated by inadequacies in investigative, legal, and correctional capabilities at the same time that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) dramatically increases the complexity, speed, and difficulty of detecting illegal transactions.
Secrecy and undeclared or undetected conflicts of interest breed corruption, which is defined at this point as anything that clouds the proper exercise of judgment. The antidotes are avoidance and full disclosure.
Oddly, it is at this point that I note "truth" is not a term that appears in the index. As my own mantra is "the truth at any cost lowers all other costs," and as I believe that the truth and reconciliation process that Nelson Mandela has shown can save a nation is the underlying foundation for anti-corruption within the many failed states that cry out for transnational help, this is an anomaly I hope that authors address in what must surely be a second edition of this righteous work.
I will jump past the middle section of the book to focus on the core point that the authors arrive at: that we must rethink governance top to bottom--the mechanisms, the practices, the regulations, the ethics, the obligations, the ends. It is at this point that I am reminded of two books that are part of the solution:
High Noon 20 Global Problems, 20 Years to Solve Them
The People's Business: Controlling Corporations and Restoring Democracy
The authors point out that corruption goes hand in hand with incompetence and bad business judgment (or bad political appointee judgment, just look at George "Slam Dunk" Tenet betraying the public interest at his first Cabinet meeting).
Throughout the book, but perhaps not as explicitly as is now possible as business leaders are discovering the huge value of both compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) *and* government officials, for example in India, are discovering how valuable it can be to their own reputation to award contracts to companies absolutely known to not do bribes, the authors point out the tangible and intangible benefits of ethics to all stakeholders.
There are frequent references to the need for new designs, and especially designs that eliminate stovepipe power and absolute hierarchical power. The empowerment of employees is ultimately both a productivity benefit, and a profit benefit.
The book wraps up with an examination of preventive (proactive) measures including the promotion of ethical behavior; the complete makeover of corporate (and I would emphasize, government bureaucracy) governance, and the imposition of transparency in all possible forms; and with an examination of reactive anti-corruption, which is relatively passive, linear, made difficult by inherent secrecy and privilege, under-resourced, and severely challenged by the acceleration of all that is associated with globalization.
The authors do a fine job of discussing how anti-corruption organizations THEMSELVES need a code of ethics and a carefully itemized list of transgressions from wasting time with Facebook and YouTube (a 20% cost in organizations I am familiar with, as well as a 40% bandwidth hog) to leaking sensitive information about ongoing investigations. In essence, anti-corruption organizations need their own "Rocks & Shoals" litany and every employee must be familiarized with it on entry and frequently thereafter. HYBRID is a word that enables polygraphing of everyone at least once a year (the UN does not allow polygraphing of all the spies pretending to be clerks would be quickly declared Personna Non Grata--the UN not only suffering spying, it suffers the incompetence and lack of productivity that comes from putting spies in cover jobs they have no clue about).
The authors emphasize the truly draconian challenge of--and importance of--being able to follow global electronic transactions.
They provide an entire chapter on whistle-blowing, and the lesson I draw from this is that anti-corruption campaigns need to make it very--VERY--easy for whistleblowers to submit helpful information. This is where the culture of "ethical resistance" comes in and I am actually moved to believe we can clean up our filthy governments.
A chapter on the rights of suspects completes the book.
See all 1500 plus of my non-fiction reviews, in 98 categories including Corruption, Crime (Corporate) and Crime (Government), at Phi Beta Iota, the Public Intelligence Blog. All reviews lead back to their respective book's Amazon page.
Three books that give me personally high hopes for the future:
Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
Emergence: The Shift from Ego to Essence
Reflections on Evolutionary Activism: Essays, poems and prayers from an emerging field of sacred social change
1 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
very interesting book
By Nathan Nobis
Despite the somewhat goofy title, this is a neat book on timely topics. Very interesting, especially for something like a textbook.
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